https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles daily 0.75 2025-03-30 https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/9/11andtheoriginoffamilyhistorymonth monthly 0.5 2024-09-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/5c9ab76c-95c9-43a3-b312-f61e9a498e75/Temple+Square.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - 9/11 & The Origin of Family History Month - Make it stand out Temple Square, Salt Lake City, Utah, image retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/places/temple-square.htm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/21b3ed2e-a9b5-4a93-98f6-5ca3fe396159/Orrin+Hatch.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - 9/11 & The Origin of Family History Month - Hatch, a Mormon himself, was serving his constituency well when he proposed this bill. At the time, more than 50 percent of Utahns were Mormon, [2] and family history plays a central role in the Mormon faith. Not only do Mormons believe that they are intrinsically tied to their ancestors by more than just blood or genetics, they also believe they can help save the souls of ancestors that died before being baptized or completing other holy ordinances of the LDS faith. By identifying and solemnizing the names of their ancestors at Temple, Mormons give their deceased ancestors the chance of salvation, even after they have passed on. [3] “Our ancestors came from different parts of the globe and by searching for our roots, we come closer together as a human family.” — Orrin Hatch, October 14, 2001 Portrait of Orrin Hatch, retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/member/orrin-hatch/H000338 https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/james-n-woods-clear-statement-of-opposition-to-slavery-in-the-indiana-territory monthly 0.5 2023-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/47cb8d69-b31c-4b07-a153-441c3648df6f/Petition+1809.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - James N. Wood’s Clear Statement of Opposition to Slavery in the Indiana Territory - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/did-my-ancestor-move-around-a-lot monthly 0.5 2023-11-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/df08ada9-e937-4fa8-b5fb-79763e35e816/Virginia+Northern+Neck+1736.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Why did My Ancestor Move a Lot? (Or did They Really?) - Make it stand out Image retrieved Nov. 15, 2023 from https://encyclopediavirginia.org/2067hpr-801b426c3940abd/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/43817f23-812c-45ce-86c6-95eb5979d3b9/1889+Map+of+Greenwood+Avenue+in+Indianapolis+-+later+Cornell+Ave.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Why did My Ancestor Move a Lot? (Or did They Really?) - Now, let’s look at an example from the 19th Century. Let’s say you’ve found your ancestor living on Greenwood Avenue in an 1889 Indianapolis, Indiana city directory, and then in later records, you find that same ancestor still in Indianapolis but residing on Cornell Avenue. So, did your ancestor move? Well, in this case, probably not. Here’s why: In February of 1894, the City of Indianapolis officially changed the name of several streets (including Greenwood Avenue) to a single street name: Cornell Avenue. The motivation for this was to “clean up” city navigation by giving longer stretches of city streets the same name instead of multiple names. Historic Indianapolis, like many cities in the U.S., had it’s original street names assigned as new housing was completed. These parcels of new land developments varied greatly in size and shape and in the date of sale and the date of improvement or construction. As a residential or commercial district was completed, streets in the area were named. Sometimes, these streets connected to already named streets, but instead of having a single moniker for the entire roadway, streets were frequently given a new name along the border of a newly completed development. This often resulted in a stretch of road that spanned several city blocks having half a dozen or so different names. Image at right: Closeup of Greenwood Ave. from the map “West Part of Center Township,” featured in the Atlas of Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana (Indianapolis, Indiana: Griffing, Gordon and Company, 1889). Retrieved Nov. 15, 2023 from https://indianamemory.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15078coll8/id/3181 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/68224e8a-2d42-4c35-ac98-0c62afd5610d/1894+Map+of+Cornell+Avenue+in+Indianapolis.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Why did My Ancestor Move a Lot? (Or did They Really?) - Before 1894, Cornell Avenue was actually known by four different names (Greenwood, Forest, Alger, and Cornell), dependent upon which block of the street you were on. After February of 1894, the entire stretch was known as Cornell Avenue. So, your ancestor didn’t move. The street he lived on was just renamed. Image at left: Closeup of the map “Indianapolis and Environs, 1894,” retrieved from https://images.indianahistory.org/digital/collection/dc035/id/203/ This maps depicts the renamed stretch of Cornell Ave. (indicated by the blue line, running between Clyde (also known as 12th St.) and the then City Limits. Prior to 1894, this street, south of Clyde/12th Street, was already called Cornell Ave. The renaming in February of 1894 expanded the Cornell Ave. name north to the city limits and eliminated the other street names that were previously there. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/7acea24a-3653-4729-b8bd-32b8bb483737/Common+Council+of+Indianapolis+renaming+streets.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Why did My Ancestor Move a Lot? (Or did They Really?) - Some researchers are satisfied with just finding a census record showing the city or town in which an ancestor lived. If you’d like to drill down even further and understand an ancestor’s neighborhood or community, then you’ll want to learn as much as you can about each address you find in an historic record associated with your ancestor. This includes reviewing maps, directories, and even city or town planning documents, among other records. Image at right: Journals of the Common Council of the City of Indianapolis from October 12, 1893 to October 7, 1895, Inclusive (Indianapolis, Indiana: Sentinel Printing Company, 1896), 134. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/f5263f88-44de-477e-99a0-8ded0a29ae2d/Street+Name+Changes+-+Polk+1895+Indianapolis.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Why did My Ancestor Move a Lot? (Or did They Really?) - City directories are an excellent source for learning about street name changes. In Indianapolis, for example, the renaming of streets was common throughout the latter part of the 1800s, and has continued, though at a slower pace, ever since. Old city directories, many of which can be found online via digital repositories these days, often included listings of new and renamed streets. Image at left: Polk’s Indianapolis City Directory (R.L. Polk: Marion County, Indiana, 1895), 61. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/polksin00unse/page/60/mode/2up https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/f0dd692b-34b9-43ed-b30b-ac2c32997af8/Italian+Immigrant+Family+at+Ellis+Island.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Why did My Ancestor Move a Lot? (Or did They Really?) - Example #2: Crossing the Ocean Irish domestic workers in New York City and other port cities are a prime example of boomerang research subjects. While many Irish immigrants came to the U.S. and never returned home, there are others that arrived in a port city, like New York, and worked for several years before returning home to Ireland for a year or two, only to turn around and do the same thing again a couple of years later. This pattern was common among other national and ethnic groups, including the Italian (and Sicilian, in particular) labor force. Many family historians and even some more seasoned genealogists find an immigration record and are satisfied they’ve located documentation of an ancestor’s permanent relocation to the U.S. While it might be true that the record found is the right person, it may not be the only immigration trip that ancestor made. It’s always important to search further, even if your ancestor wasn’t a native of Ireland, Italy, or another nation in which repeat immigration was quite common. Desperate circumstances in the country of origin, including extreme poverty, disease, and starvation, coupled with a deep-rooted history in a particular village or town, is usually what drives circular immigration/emigration patterns. Having living family at home is also a contributory factor, and indeed, many boomerang research subjects are husbands and fathers that came to the United States to earn the money to bring their family to American. While many immigrants never stepped foot on the soil of their native land again, some made the journey between the U.S. and their country of origin multiple times before finally bringing their family to the U.S. and permanently settling. Studying the history of your ancestor’s old-world home can help you put their actions and motivations into perspective. Italian Immigrant Family at Ellis Island, ca. 1910, retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b15378/ https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/filling-in-the-gaps-alternatives-to-the-1890-us-federal-census-u monthly 0.5 2023-11-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/8814b9ad-9e79-41b1-ad14-eaa7a0e65731/1890+Veteran+Census.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Filling in the Gaps: Alternatives to the 1890 U.S. Federal Census - The Census of Union Veterans and Widows - Unfortunately, not all of the 1890 Veterans Schedules survive. Many were destroyed before the 1947 call to transfer remaining documents from state archives to the National Archives. For example, only about half of the schedules from the State of Kentucky made their way to Washington, D.C. When researching in many parts of the United States though, the Veterans Census is a viable alternative to the 1890 Census and shouldn’t be discounted by any researcher. Although it only works as a partial census substitute and doesn’t offer all of the information that an 1890 population schedule would, it does provide a significant amount of data on the citizens it recorded. This special census was intended to only enumerate Union Veterans and Widows, but some census takers recorded information on Confederate Veterans and their Widows, too. This offers a windfall of personal and military information for researchers, including the 1890 place of residence and the state in which the veteran and widow lived at the time the veteran entered military service in the 1860s. These details alone can help researchers overcome previously insurmountable brick walls. Knowing where a veteran or widow lived in 1890 can also help researchers seek pension records, and if located, these records may yield incredible detail about an ancestor’s life, particularly when application and appeals documents are included. Pictured at Left: a blank copy of the Veterans Schedule from the 1890 U.S. Federal Census https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/sleeplessness-a-stephen-king-novel-and-small-thinking-in-genealogy monthly 0.5 2023-11-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/357e92af-89f8-4b6c-be52-2b4fb31de29a/Insomnia.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Sleeplessness, a Stephen King Novel, and Small Thinking in Genealogy - Get to the Genealogy, Already! Now, if you’ve hung in there this long, you’re probably wondering what in the hell this post has to do with genealogy, and I promise, my insomniac-brain is finally working its way around to that bit of my musings. Some years ago now, I watched the Stephen King guest episode of PBS’ Finding Your Roots, with Henry Louise Gates, Jr., and I was surprised to learn of King’s connection to Indiana. I think this is because we have a tendency to think small when it comes to family history. What I mean by this is that many of us have a profound attachment to a single town, city, or state, and we often have multiple generations of our family living in that same town, city, or state. Our small thinking comes into play when we assume that we should only search for our ancestors within a particular geographic region, when in reality, people have always eventually moved. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1f9237e7-d7ea-48c7-8263-3090f2562c0c/Donald+King+Birth+Certificate.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Sleeplessness, a Stephen King Novel, and Small Thinking in Genealogy - King’s family history also highlights another way in which limits in our own thinking can get in the way when conducting family history research. The King family name isn’t historically King. Stephen King’s father, Donald King, was born Donald Pollock in Peru, Miami County, Indiana. He legally changed his name to King somewhere between the 1930 and 1940 U.S. Federal Censuses. Pictured at left: the Birth Certificate of Donald Edwin Pollock (a.k.a. Donald King), the father of author Stephen King https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/historic-hoosier-aaron-howard-shelby-county-indiana monthly 0.5 2022-02-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645597483442-A3UK7S0KI04MIDW6ZUI6/Pension+Roll+1883.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - Make it stand out This image displays, from left to right: Aaron’s pension certificate number, name, Post Office of residence in 1883, reason for pension qualification, monthly pension stipend, and the date his pension commenced. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645600534525-WKHJYCGIHYBU63EXBFZ3/1880+census.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645662766153-68U4F5GWQ6YC8T9L8NH9/Stephen+Howard+bio+page+1.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645662836800-ELA9GHQAIPFL1OABH96L/Stephen+Howard+bio+page+2.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645666250378-6KNNQDTWV1212XNHLEGV/Aaron+pension+application+index+file.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - Aaron’s Service in the War of 1812 The first record I find is a Pension Index card, which provides brief details regarding his military service. During the War of 1812, Aaron was a Private in the Ohio Militia, under the leadership of Captain S. Aston. There are two numbers that appear on this record, listed on the upper left of the card. The second number, “S.C. 3956,” is Aaron’s pension certificate number and matches that which appears on the enumeration of Indiana military pension recipients in 1883. The first number, “S.O. 7102,” turns out to be the number assigned to Aaron’s pension application, which he filed in April of 1871. In February of that same year, the U.S. Congress had passed acts that finally gave veterans of the War of 1812 (and their widows) access to military pensions. Aaron’s Military Pension File Reading through Aaron’s pension file brought up even more questions for me though. From these documents, I discovered that he had served in the War of 1812 in the place of another man, a common practice during the Civil War, and apparently, not all that uncommon during the War of 1812 either. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645670369734-TUW10C6HHCWK252ZUCVN/Served+as+substitute.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645751056640-96EYFLWKULIB0J4J2AOD/Jenkins%2C+James+%28Pvt%29.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - A quick search for James in Butler County, Ohio turns up a few possibilities, but none of the available documents tell us about James’ life, his circumstances, or the reason he may have arranged for a militia substitute in 1814. I located an index record that assigns James’ time in service to Aaron Howard. I also located a bounty-land warrant application index record, where James tried to apply for land. His application was rejected, presumably because the pension office realized Aaron Howard was actually the one entitled to the bounty-land warrant instead. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645735299992-Z3MQWBMVDKN9JPMY5BTD/Excerpt+1855+land+warrant+petition.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645735972976-B3VRUAWWL256Y9U3U0VJ/Bounty+Land+Warrants.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - We find the card pictured at right included in Aaron’s pension file. It shows his bounty-land warrants. In total, Aaron received 160 acres of land for his service in the War of 1812. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645748124457-N2HGC5Y8NGYBZ96LYTJX/Headstone+of+Aaron+and+Martha+Howard.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Aaron Howard (1795 - 1882) of Geneva (a.k.a. Sulphur Hill), Shelby County, Indiana - To answer the first question, Aaron was born in 1795 or 1796 according to various records. He entered the Ohio Militia in 1814, so he would have been 18- or 19-years-old when he served in the War of 1812. The biographical Sketch of Stephen Howard, Aaron’s son, which I shared earlier in this post, lists Aaron’s date of death as January 19, 1881. The headstone for Aaron and Martha (Baldridge) Howard’s grave at Pleasant Grove Cemetery in Greensburg, Indiana shows Aaron’s date of death as January 19, 1882 instead. Either way, Aaron lived to be 86- or 87-years-old. If you recall, the list of pensioners on the roll that peaked my interest in Aaron Howard in the first place was completed in 1883. Interestingly enough, this pension roll record was published after Aaron’s death, whether he died in January of 1881 or 1882. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/filling-in-the-gaps-alternatives-to-the-1890-us-federal-census monthly 0.5 2023-09-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645578935280-NZVAHS054L50BX26WYI4/Pension+Census+1883.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Filling in the Gaps: Alternatives to the 1890 U.S. Federal Census - State Censuses - Pensioners included in these records aren’t just former military personnel, but in some cases, their widows and children, too. Even this census isn’t complete though, as there are a few counties from which no records exist. Despite the gaps, pension records can sometimes help answer the most pressing questions created by the missing 1890 Federal Census, like where did my ancestor move? Or, did he die before or after 1890? Sample enumeration of pensioners from Henry County, Indiana, 1883. Image Source: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1796458/m1/89/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1645581751868-TPV0ES8W39X8HNDS56HL/Flag_of_Mississippi.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Filling in the Gaps: Alternatives to the 1890 U.S. Federal Census - State Censuses - Other states were prolific in their collection of data. For instance, there were nearly two dozen enumerations conducted in the territory (and later the state) of Mississippi, between 1792 and 1866. These, like other territorial and state censuses, contain varying information, and many only detail the populations of certain counties, but the wealth of information for researchers with ancestors in Mississippi is undeniable. If you’re lucky enough to have ancestors that lived in a state that counted its people more regularly, there’s a strong chance there’s still new information out there for you to discover, if you haven’t yet consulted state census records, that is. Pictured at right: Mississippi State Flag Image Source: https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Mississippi_Census https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/indiana-postal-delivery-from-ia-to-in monthly 0.5 2025-03-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621309571977-T0IGBZV2B18H5IF9LLZH/Noblesville+Indiana+newspaper+column+date+1837+-+IA.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - If you’ve ever seen an old newspaper like the one pictured at the right and been thrown for a loop by the “IA” abbreviation for Indiana, you’re not alone. The same is true if you’ve been confused by census records from the 19th Century that list a person’s place of birth as “Ia.,” which is then transcribed incorrectly as Iowa instead of Indiana. At one time, Indiana was “Ia” or “IA,” and for at least part of that time, Iowa didn’t even exist yet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621316923884-QB34ZWJIF6285OVTTIHL/Benjamin+Franklin.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - Make it stand out Benjamin Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the United States. Image Source: https://lccn.loc.gov/90709839 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621328375297-HAI4UITIPVUI1Q9O75K6/map-of-ceded-territory.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - Make it stand out Map showing lands ceded by the British at the end of the Revolutionary War. Image Source: https://blog.history.in.gov/tag/northwest-territory/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621329093424-1F0YDSECMHNPSEHM7VEP/Mercury-the-Roman-messenger-of-the-gods-logo.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - Make it stand out The first seal of the Post Office Department, featuring the Greek God Mercury, Messenger of the Gods. Image Source: https://uspsblog.com/the-history-behind-the-usps-logo/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621420853991-ELSHLZ8SATRUM1MR7J7V/log-courthouse.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - Make it stand out This is the first Wayne County Courthouse from Salisbury, Indiana, originally built in 1812 and reconstructed in Centerville, Indiana in 1952. This courthouse was the home of the Salisbury/Wayne County Post Office, established in 1813. Image Source: https://www.waynet.org/nonprofit/courthouse-log.htm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621414086104-68CGMOQBK238F3OZLKUO/Screenshot_2021-05-19+State+Abbreviations+-+Who+We+Are+-+USPS.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - Make it stand out Table showing the official abbreviations used by the Post Office Department/U.S. Postal Service for U.S. States and Territories between 1831 and present. Image Source: https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/state-abbreviations.htm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621369433068-B3KBT2QK79WLUFDY2U07/The+Disposition+of+the+Northwest+Territory.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - Subsequent divisions of the Indiana Territory happened quickly, as the map at right shows. Indiana was settled primarily from the south to the north, with the first permanent communities arising along the Wabash River. Vincennes was among the earliest and by 1800 had about 700 inhabitants. Image Source: https://blog.history.in.gov/tag/northwest-territory/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1621413384154-OF5MJC2RMDOUH49ZWC7K/Letter+1803.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Indiana: from IA to IN and Early Postal Service in the State - Make it stand out Letter sent from Kaskasia (located in modern day Illinois) on March 7, 1804. The letter’s return address appears on the top line and reads “Kaskasia March 7 Ia.” The “Ia” in the upper right hand corner stands for the Indiana Territory, of which Kaskasia and Illinois were a part in 1804. Image Source: https://stampauctionnetwork.com/y/y115512.cfm https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/manjiro-nakahama-the-first-japanese-us-resident monthly 0.5 2023-05-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/5d604b2a-e53c-46fe-9e2b-e79aa4b9cf59/Manjiro.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - On May 7, 1843, a 16-year-old named Manjiro Nakahama became America’s first Japanese-born U.S. resident. Manjiro Nakahama, or more traditionally, Nakahama Manjirō (中濱 万次郎, January 27, 1827 – November 12, 1898), was an apprentice fisherman who, along with four others, was stranded for six months in 1841 on the uninhabited island of Torishima, 300 miles off the coast of Japan. The five fisherman, Denzo, Goemon, Jusuke, and Toraemon, and the then 14-year-old apprentice, Manjiro, were rescued by the U.S. whaling ship the John Howland, which was commanded by U.S. sea captain and Massachusetts native, William H. Whitfield. Image at left: a portrait of Manjiro Nakahama, retrieved from https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/6123/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620635875939-DDVXX6OUPV4OI2C1DIO6/sketches-manjiro.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - Captain William H. Whitfield and the crew of the John Howland were in the midst of a five-year voyage in the Pacific when they discovered the shipwrecked Manjiro and his crew mates. At the end of this voyage in 1843, the John Howland came to port in the then Hawaiian Kingdom’s Honolulu, where Denzo, Goemon, Jusuke, and Toraemon, disembarked. Manjiro, who was then going by the Americanized nickname of John Mung, remained onboard, traveling with Whitfield to his hometown of Fairhaven, Massachusetts. Image at right: These sketches, which depict the John Howland, were created by Manjirō and signed John Mung. They are part of a set Manjirō produced when relating his worldly adventures following his return to Japan. Image courtesy of the Rosenbach Museum & Library and retrieved from https://www.hakaimagazine.com/article-short/manjiro-nakahama-castaway-samurai/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620633925585-8FIT6NVW74FOQ5EUL2AR/WHWhitfield.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - William H. Whitfield (1804 - 1886) assumed the role of foster father or guardian in Manjiro’s life, providing for his care and seeing to his education until he reached maturity in 1846. Whitfield and his wife, Albertina (nee Kieth, 1811 - 1890), treated Manjiro as a respected member of the family and even changed churches following attempts by their own church to segregate Manjiro from the rest of the congregation. Image at left: William H. Whitfield, retrieved from https://fairhaventours.com/capt-william-h-whitfield/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620639315119-XSR7UJ1R61Y5EGDA09PH/ManjiroMap.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident Map held in the collections of the Tokoyo National Museum. Image retrieved from https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Nakahama_Manjir%C5%8D. On this map, Manjiro depicted his travels after he returned to Japan, with the lines drawn on the map showing the voyages of the John Howland and the Franklin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620645686191-KI3UVBUL6EH0UO3CLH0W/goldrush-poster.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - After finishing his tour with the Franklin in 1849, Manjiro returned to Massachusetts with $350 in earnings. His stay in Massachusetts was short-lived however; as he learned of the California Gold Rush and hoped it would make his plan of returning to Japan a reality for himself and his friends. Manjiro never stopped longing for home and to see his mother again, but he reportedly also wished to return in order to help facilitate Japan’s reemergence on the global stage. Along with the thousands of ‘49s that sought their fortune in the Gold Rush, Manjiro headed to California. In November of 1849, Manjiro left Massachusetts as a sailor aboard the Stieglitz, a merchant ship destined for San Francisco with a cargo of lumber. The Stieglitz arrived in May of the following year. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620649152337-GFF2G5XU93IFH23ER59Q/Sarah+Boyd.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - By 1850, Manjiro was back in Hawaii, having quickly accumulated $600 in wealth from gold mining in California. With his earnings, he bought passage aboard the Sarah Boyd (pictured at left), a ship that would pass near to Japan. He also purchased a small whale boat called the Adventure, which was capable of transporting him and his friends from the ship to the shores of Japan. In December 1850, Manjiro and his friends Denzo and Goemon, set sail for home. Jusuke had died from heart disease five years earlier, and Toraemon had elected to remain in Hawaii. After ten years away from their native home, Manjiro, Denzo, and Goemon were back in Japan, landing in Okinawa in February 1851. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620652045445-EIVQHFOOC3EKCT45GQEY/manjiro+2.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - In July of 1853, just a year after Manjiro was released from detention, American Commodor Matthew C. Perry led a squadron of ships into Edo (Tokoyo) Bay to deliver a letter from President Millard Fillmore to the emperor of Japan. That letter demanded Japan open it’s ports and begin interacting with the western world again. Perry and his fleet retreated but promised to return in the spring for Japan’s response. These events, among others, made Manjiro an even more vital resource for Japanese leadership, as his knowledge of the United States and U.S. naval capabilities was unrivaled and indispensable. Manjiro was made a samurai to the Shogun and played a central role in preparing the shogunate for the end of the Sakoku era and in educating Japanese students and teachers in the subjects of English, American culture, and navigation. In fact, he was appointed a professor at the Shogunate’s Naval Training School, helping to bring the Japanese navy into the modern era, allowing for effective trans-Pacific travel by 1860. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620645084747-9BP3QCDJS8DHBKDFDRHB/1870+-+Manjiro.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident Image: “John Manjiro and Bearded Man,” Digital Public Library of America, https://dp.la/item/684e943e612f8fb61f56abab95ba8721. This image of Manjiro dates to the 1870s, when he returned to Massachusetts to visit friends and “family,” including Captain William Whitfield, who may or may not be the bearded man pictured here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620662969631-4J5ZZEN97XLMR425RB07/statue-1-418x800.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - According to the Whitfield - Majiro Friendship Society in Fairhaven, Massachussets, Manjiro’s contributions later in life include, but are by no means limited to the following: The translation of “The New American Practical Navigator” into Japanese Appointed professor of Navigation at the Shogun Naval Training School Author of “Eibei Taiwa Shokei” (A shortcut to Anglo-American Conversation), which was the first English textbook ever published in Japan Served as the official translator for Japan’s first delegation of representatives to visit the United States, which arrived in San Francisco aboard the Kanrin-maru in 1860 Appointed professor to Kaisei University, the forerunner of Tokyo Imperial University (known today as Todai University) Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620667938832-ZGEHWPLR7VIEM48CKTTQ/NakahamaJohnManjiro+ca+1890.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Manjiro Nakahama: The First Japanese U.S. Resident - While Manjiro Nakahama was Japan’s first U.S. resident, he was not the first or only Japanese person to visit the United States in the years prior to widespread Japanese immigration, which commenced in the 1880s. Although there were Japanese that immigrated to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1860s, often to work on sugarcane plantations, Hawaii was still an independent nation at the time. Some of these sugarcane workers later migrated to the Mainland U.S., settling in California, Washington, and Oregon where they were largely farmers and fishermen. Also in the 1860s, a few immigrants made their way directly from Japan to California, but their numbers were so low that their presence went largely unnoticed at least in terms of being an independent ethnicity. This was due in large part to the influx of immigrants from other parts of Asia, particularly China in the late 1840s and 1850s. In fact, by 1900, there were still fewer than 25,000 Japanese nationals living in the entire United States. Manjiro Nakahama died in 1898, at the age of 72, and although Japanese immigration to the United States at the time was still minimal, he lived long enough to see his dream of an “Open Japan” become reality. Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/hoosier-vs-indianan monthly 0.5 2021-05-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620001848276-WOK1NODPHBQEZ2Q9713V/Origins+of+the+Word+Hoosier+by+William+W+Brooks.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Hoosier vs. Indianan - An article written in 1957 by William W. Brooks of Lafayette, Indiana’s Journal and Courier mentions a number of pre-1833 uses of the word, including a couple of stories in Indiana newspapers, though I didn’t try to verify the accuracy of the dates or publications. [9] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620037001266-HOORYXSV6NBAISY4NMME/Hoosier+hunting.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Hoosier vs. Indianan - Brooks, like so many before and after him, including myself, investigated various theories surrounding the origins of Hoosier. The quote at right pretty well sums up the findings over the last 200 years of investigations. [10] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620036284104-DJBG6BFJVT7FE8F42ZHB/Indianan+vs+Indianian.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Hoosier vs. Indianan - I took a look at just a few other articles out of the millions of results and surprisingly found that Hoosiers in the past argued over the proper way to spell Indianan. The clipping at left, which was an Associated Press story that ran in multiple papers in Indiana in March of 1941, also makes reference to the earliest appearances of the term “Indianian” in print: 1833. [11] From this, it seems that Indianan and Hoosier have coexisted for perhaps the entire history of the state. Regardless, there’s no doubt that Hoosier is the preferred name these days. But how long has that really been the case? To find out, I went in search of any references to Indiana residents disliking or dismissing the term Hoosier. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620088980775-LZJJ3KYBMF0YBN8GSMWU/Tired+of+Hoosier.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Hoosier vs. Indianan - Granted, I didn’t spend much time at it, but a quick search didn’t turn up many instances of people in Indiana being irritated by the Hoosier nickname. One article does stand out though. It was written by Filomena Gould, who had a women’s column in The Indianapolis News called “Atop the Town.” In 1947, Gould discussed just how often Hoosiers talk about being Hoosiers and how all that talk can get old now and then, particularly when it comes to the concept of “Hoosier pride.” She opened her article with the snippet pictured at right, and later went on to say, ”If it’s beginning to wear on some of us natives, even those who wouldn’t trade the Circle for Yosemite, or front footage on an Indianapolis street for Southern California, WHAT must it do to the stranger in our midst?” Now even Filomena circled back around, ending her article by saying, “But enough of making fun of ‘Hoosier.’ Maybe it’s not so bad after all.” [12] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1620092407633-TPU1SX2DUZ630YCV2P6Q/Hoosier+-+published+in+England+in+1850s.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Hoosier vs. Indianan - A survey of old newspapers will tell you that people have been hunting for the explanation of “Hoosier” for centuries now. In fact, even in the 1850s, papers throughout the U.S. and even as far afield as England carried articles on the “mystery” of Hoosier’s origins, to which the clipping at left attests. It was published in The Lancaster Gazette in Lancaster, England in 1859. [13] Whether the true origins of “Hoosier” are ever fully understood or not, Hoosiers have probably been Hoosiers almost as long as there’s been an Indiana. And with regard to any mention or use of “Indianan,” I only have one thing to say: “I’M A HOOSIER, I’M A HOOSIER!” https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/crook-love-of-loogootee-indiana monthly 0.5 2021-04-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1619137040681-1O4TPBHUQ90A4R2LJOIY/Child+of+Crook+Love+injured.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Crook Love (1838 - 1908) of Loogootee, Indiana - While browsing old Indiana newspapers, an article from the December 20, 1877 issue of The Loogootee Times, caught my eye. [1] You’ll find an image of the article at right. While it brings to mind a scene from a movie, with dramatic events unfolding and even a charismatic main character with a unique name like Crook Love, this is actually just the stuff of everyday life in the 19th century. For a rural family, at a time when there also was no phone to call for help during an emergency, the nearest doctor could have potentially been miles away on horseback. The story itself left me with some questions, including what the outcome was for the injured child, but I was also struck by this thought: anyone with a name like Crook Love deserves some further investigation. What a wonderful, interesting, antiquated moniker! And let’s not overlook the unique name of the town either - Loogootee. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1619146465674-UPK1M5HNOASAS12BPWMY/1870+census.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Crook Love (1838 - 1908) of Loogootee, Indiana https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1619156881294-U6UGCL9LQDKEJ0H8C1RT/Pension+index.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Crook Love (1838 - 1908) of Loogootee, Indiana - Crook enlisted on August 5 and mustered in on August 18, 1862. He was assigned to Company F of the Indiana Infantry. While there are few records that survive from Crook’s service with the Union Army, we do know that he was ill in 1864 and spent time at White Hale Hospital in Bristol, PA [11] and that he mustered out on June 22, 1865 in Greensboro, NC. [12] We also know that Crook was granted a pension in March of 1879 due to disability and that his wife applied for and was granted a survivor’s pension after his death in 1908. According to the pension index card at left, Crook’s wife at the time of his death was named Nancy, not Abigail, sending me in search of additional information on both women. [13] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1619232895639-9RJ8D9BDNROAMRN1OCY8/Appointment+as+postmaster.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Crook Love (1838 - 1908) of Loogootee, Indiana - On June 11, 1902, Crook Love was appointed as Post Master in the Martin County community of West Shoals when the former postmaster, Grant Luzadder, resigned. [19][20] More than likely, Crook was working for the post office for some time before this appointment, though exactly how long is unknown. In August of 1903, after the communities of Shoals and West Shoals incorporated, Crook Love was ordered to close the West Shoals branch. [21] Whether he continued to work for the U.S. Postal Service following the closure is unknown. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1619238828376-COEVQSFIEKRN613K438D/Headstone.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Crook Love (1838 - 1908) of Loogootee, Indiana - Crook was born October 14, 1838 and died February 6, 1908. He was buried at Mount Union Cemetery in Shoals, Indiana. [23] He had six biological children: James and Abigail Jane, with his first wife, Abigail (Elmore) Love, and Crook William, Howard, Thomas, and Nora, with his second wife, Nancy (Davis) Perry Love. Crook was also step-father to Joshua Perry, Nancy’s son from her previous marriage. [22] The question still remains as to which of Crook’s children was kicked by a horse in December of 1877, sending a rider on horseback in search of Dr. Campbell in Loogootee. Only three of Crook’s children were born prior to December 1877: James, Abigail Jane, and Crook William, all of whom survived to adulthood, married, and had children of their own. [24] [25] [26] Crook’s stepson, Joshua Perry, was also born before 1877 and could have been the injured child reported in the newspaper; however, he too survived to adulthood, married, and had children. [27] Now, this doesn’t rule out the possibility that there were other children born to Crook and Abigail or Crook and Nancy that we don’t already know about. I haven’t been able to locate any census, birth, death, or burial records indicating the loss of a child in 1877 though. Here’s hoping this means the child kicked by the horse wasn’t in as bad of shape as The Loogootee Times piece indicated and that he or she was treated by Dr. Campbell and lived a long life. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/jacob-daubenspeck-and-elizabeth-mock-daubenspeck-of-rush-county-indiana monthly 0.5 2021-05-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617852416353-JDQUI7BM1VKTZH7LFE3M/Dead+Letter+warning+-+Rushville+paper+1842.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Jacob Daubenspeck (1797 - 1893) and Elizabeth (Mock) Daubenspeck (1802 - 1882) of Rush County, Indiana - I’ve always liked looking at the lists of unclaimed letters that were published in old newspapers. In one such dead-letter-warning-list that I read recently, I found mention of a “Mr. Dobinspeak,” a resident of Rush County, Indiana. His unique name caught my eye, but I was also intrigued that he was one of only two individuals (Mr. Oneal being the other) that appeared in the list with a title and surname but no first name. I wondered if this was because he was a community elder or otherwise held a position of relative importance to 1842 Rushville. Or, maybe the postmaster that put together the list was unfamiliar with Mr. Dobinspeak, and since the letter was addressed that way, it may have just been published as such. I decided to find out. In the 1840 Federal Census of Rush County Indiana, there is a Jacob Dobenspec [sic] enumerated with his family. There are ten members of the household in total: four males and six females. The 1840 census listed only heads of households by name. All others were recorded only by age category and sex, so we don’t know for certain who the other family members are. However, there is one female in the household between the ages of 30 and 40 and all others enumerated are 20 years old or younger. It’s relatively safe to assume that the oldest female is Jacob’s wife and all others in the household are probably their children. [2] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617858686150-KP2UNZUQ77TW3FYWA4J2/1850+census.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Jacob Daubenspeck (1797 - 1893) and Elizabeth (Mock) Daubenspeck (1802 - 1882) of Rush County, Indiana https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1618032854320-CG03M2QKTV5TU4N5XD0R/Jacob+Daubenspeck.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Jacob Daubenspeck (1797 - 1893) and Elizabeth (Mock) Daubenspeck (1802 - 1882) of Rush County, Indiana - After just a bit more research, it becomes evident that I’ve stumbled upon an interesting character who was indeed a community elder and person of significance in Rush County, Indiana for decades. The image pictured at left was taken from the memorial page for Jacob on the Find A Grave website. Here, we also learn that Jacob and several of his siblings made their way from Kentucky to Indiana, settling in Miami, Marion, and Rush counties. We also find that branches of this generation of the family also grew in Kentucky and Illinois. [9] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1618035417972-0TIMJGHPZEKBU4ENGGA3/Ben+Davis+Creek+Christian+Church+FB+-+shared+29+Aug+2020.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Jacob Daubenspeck (1797 - 1893) and Elizabeth (Mock) Daubenspeck (1802 - 1882) of Rush County, Indiana - From an online biography of H.E. Daubenspeck, one of Jacob’s grandson’s, we learn that Jacob and his family arrived in Rush County in September of 1827, and that Jacob at one time owned more than 700 acres of farm land in the county. [10] Jacob and his wife Elizabeth were also founding members of the Union Baptist Church, established in 1829, which was reorganized in 1830 as the Church of Christ at Little Blue River. This same church still exists and is today known as the Ben Davis Creek Christian Church. [11] Jacob Daubenspeck was a minister at the Church of Christ at Little Blue River [12] and additionally served as a pastor at the Fairview Christian Church [13] and The Christian Church at Arlington, [14] both congregations in Rush County. The photo at right, which was shared August 29, 2020 on the Facebook page of the Church of Christ at Little Blue River, is an image of the contemporary church. [15] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1618763820486-29OST1DN1S261M9QZLBW/InkedUnion+Twp+Rush+County_LI.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Jacob Daubenspeck (1797 - 1893) and Elizabeth (Mock) Daubenspeck (1802 - 1882) of Rush County, Indiana - Within an 1879 biography entitled The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, there also appears a biographical sketch of Jacob Daubenspeck. Franklin was a pioneer preacher of the Restoration Movement who traveled the Midwest [16] and established a network of like-minded ministers throughout, including Jacob. From this biography we learn that Jacob was born Dec. 9, 1797 in Kentucky and that he arrived in Rush County in 1827, settling on the banks of Ben Davis Creek, about seven miles north of Rushville. [17] The 1879 plat map, pictured at left, shows the location of the Daubenspeck farm along the northern branch of Ben Davis Creek. [18] Jacob was raised Presbyterian but experienced a spiritual awakening at the age of thirty-two, stating that he had “fallen out with sin, and purposed in his heart to lead a better life.” He initially converted to the Free Will Baptist faith, which was that of the Ben Davis Creek Church at the time of his conversion. However, he quickly found his spiritual home among The Disciples of Christ, and the strength of his faith helped lead the Ben Davis Creek Church to reorganize as well, facilitating the congregation’s reformation to that of the Church of Christ. Jacob ministered for more than fifty years, primarily in Rush and Fayette Counties, and reportedly refused all compensation for his ministerial activities. [19] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1618766333140-EVD5NUH178XA8PY7KS6X/Elizabeth+Mock+Daubenspeck.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - Jacob Daubenspeck (1797 - 1893) and Elizabeth (Mock) Daubenspeck (1802 - 1882) of Rush County, Indiana - We already know that Jacob and his wife Elizabeth, pictured at right, [20] were founding members of the Union Baptist Church, which later became the Ben Davis Creek Christian Church, and that Jacob played a central role in the ministry of both Rush and Fayette counties, traveling extensively to preach, officiate weddings, and to perform baptisms and funeral services. As the research is proving however, Jacob was instrumental in other aspects of Rush County’s development as well, especially the economy of the rural, farming community. Jacob raised pigs, cows, mules, and horses and did business with a Cincinnati-based pork packing company for decades. [21] In 1869, we find that Jacob was the Vice President of the County Board of Agriculture, [22] and in 1871, along with a Mr. Griffin, Jacob established the Rush County Stock Sales Company. [23] Without further investigation, it’s impossible to say how long Jacob held a position with the county’s agricultural board or the years in which the Rush County Stock Sales Company was in business. However, the biographical sketches of Jacob from various sources all note that he was an industrious man with seeming boundless energy. Even when he was well into his eighties, these biographies consistently report that he was busier than most men half his age. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1618775025714-JEO420OV8SPTA96P7W5C/headstone.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - Jacob Daubenspeck (1797 - 1893) and Elizabeth (Mock) Daubenspeck (1802 - 1882) of Rush County, Indiana - Jacob lived to the age of 95, dying in March of 1893. He is buried at the Ben Davis Creek Cemetery in Union Township, Rush County. [24] The Daubenspeck surname is still prominent Rush County today, an obvious legacy to Jacob and his wife Elizabeth. Perhaps less obvious is the importance of this early settler couple in the religious legacy of the county, which is today home to more than a dozen Restorationist and Disciples of Christ congregations. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/thegenealogyfiles/david-washington-1846- monthly 0.5 2021-05-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617177147625-N1UEYIPRGRBFR0R8TTVQ/Employment+want+ad.jpg Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) - Transcription: “Wanted - David Washington, a colored man, with recommendations that he is capable, energetic and industrious, desires a situation in his old business as a Porter in a store - bookstore preferred, or would accept a position as Coachman. Apply at News Office.” [1] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617180759999-Z9SRWZTQRT8NDQMQKW5E/1870+Census+-+version+1.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617182460643-7RST2TLFFOE306XJ0DYZ/1870+Census+-+version+2.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617185258590-F77ZYL9P0PVVTGJ3P9SR/City+Directory+-+1872.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) - David and his family, like most of the working class, lived in rentals and moved frequently. Between 1870 and 1874, we find them living at five different addresses: two documented in the 1870 censuses and three found within Indianapolis city directories. The city directory listing pictured at the right is from 1872 and shows David working as a porter, though it doesn’t indicate within which type of business he served in this capacity. [5] Other city directories list David simply as a laborer, which was a catch-all term for people working in a wide variety of positions and industries. [6] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617349259516-IYRIDMUSZFJ7886P5RKR/1880+census.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617692888135-0959OYPJ2IIU76VZ4W3N/Detroit+directory+-+1.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) - In 1887, David F. Washington and Lucy Bullett both appear in the Detroit city directory living at 142 Larned East. David is still working as a porter, but the directory doesn’t specify where he’s employed. [12] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617693351003-5R05X9EZTPLLKQYU4389/Detroit+directory+-+2.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) - In 1888, we find an interesting listing in a city directory for David. While he’s still working as porter, his employer is “Det Carpet and Furniture Company.” [13] The “Det” in this listing likely stands for “Detroit,” and although the Detroit Carpet and Furniture Company is not a bookstore, it’s also not a railroad. It seems David’s employment with the railroads wasn’t all that long lived. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617702515988-09LJNYRL7KSS1GYNNOGQ/Marriage+License+listing.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) - David and Ada married in Chicago in April of 1868. Ada’s maiden name was Bullett, [14] making Lucy and Caesar her parents. By all accounts thus far, Ada was born in Kentucky in about 1850. So, we search for Lucy and Caesar in Kentucky. Not surprisingly, we don’t find them. Kentucky was a slave state and the 1850 and 1860 censuses were conducted prior to emancipation. Even if the Bulletts were in Kentucky at the time, they were more than likely enslaved and therefore not recorded by name on any census or other official records. The same is true of David F. Washington, if he was born in Virginia prior to the Civil War, as most records indicate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1617702898308-BV4F1RMEN1O7V3959OUE/Lucy+Bullett+Indianapolis+City+Directory+1865.png Blog: The Genealogy Files - David Washington (1846 - ?) - The one piece of evidence that throws a hitch in this line of thinking is that Lucy Bullett was in Indianapolis in 1865, according to the city directory from that year. [15] It’s possible that she came to Indianapolis during or immediately after the Civil War, or she and her family may have been free blacks that made their way north even before the war started. It’s also possible that she escaped slavery by fleeing north to Indiana. 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Every journey of discovery begins with a first step. You may know nothing of your roots, or maybe you know a little but have always longed to know more. Nothing happens if you don’t take the leap. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1615640132665-61IXL56SRSJH2H4JBTBD/Immigrants.jpg Home - Claim It. When pursuing any goal, no step is too small! Even if you begin with just an hour of research, I won’t turn you away. What matters is that you start your journey. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/samples-of-work daily 0.75 2025-01-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611386458137-Z9Z8V1O3NZPNZMFJ14IW/Red+Cross+Nurses%2C+Base+Hospital%2C+Camp+Custer+-+1918.jpg Samples of Work - Sample Military Service Report During the First World War, it’s estimated that one-third of all nurses in the United States served with the Army Nurses Corp. Florence Zergiebel (1893-1948) was among them. Learn more… Pictured at left: “Red Cross Nurses, Base Hospital, Camp Custer,” The University of Michigan and the Great War, http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/greatwar/items/show/327. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1616005155131-2SWW7F03HOKNZCPUPR98/Auchtermuchty.jpg Samples of Work - Sample Lineage Report A small number of Scottish immigrants settled Wisconsin prior to statehood. The ancestors of James P. Gillies (1853 - 1940) left their home in Auchtermuchty, Fifeshire, Scotland to carve out a future for themselves and their children in what would become Dane County. Learn more… Pictured at right: Street view of the village of Auchtermuchty, date unknown. Retrieved from Tour Scotland’s blogspot. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/popular-genealogy-packages daily 0.75 2023-10-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1610878813981-A3QV25392C8P0QKEFR6A/Image+-+Census.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1610878846102-C1WPG39HLZZMP9UOFN4R/Image+-+Marriage+License.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1610878871347-H76LH8NU94VGHIN6ICCY/Image+-+Special+Inquiry+Immigrant+List.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1610890322905-IPXUP5EX6EOTJ9G2A6TM/Open+books.jpg https://www.wediggenealogy.com/about daily 0.75 2025-01-31 https://www.wediggenealogy.com/sample-military-service-report daily 0.75 2023-06-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611401038069-SR4EXBIG37JRNYLF7BXH/1900+U.S.+Census+-+Zergiebel.jpg Sample Military Service Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611401176131-Z7XXR12Y9GQ6OBNKG5H6/1920+U.S.+Census+-+Zergiebel.jpg Sample Military Service Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611401244391-9IWW1KGDH2UB2VMLTL5F/1930+U.S.+Census+-+Zergiebel.jpg Sample Military Service Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611401558719-FZH1SYERLDUA188TLURF/1940+U.S.+Census+-+Zergiebel.jpg Sample Military Service Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611401928264-8E16J9XV2IRYIADMTR7S/Wedding+Announcement+-+Zergiebel.png Sample Military Service Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611399480381-SHXJ87CZ0LE4R07E6LTU/Camp+Custer%2C+Michigan.jpg Sample Military Service Report Base Hospital, Camp Custer, Michigan, c. 1917 Source: (2021). Retrieved 22 January 2021, from https://www.loc.gov/item/2007664162/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611399319654-8GQ47QOV6CE7YJCJXEZ7/Camp+Custer+Field+Hospital+Baracks+1918.jpg Sample Military Service Report Camp Custer Field Hospital Barracks, Michigan, 1918 Source: Retrieved 22 January 2021, from http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/greatwar/files/original/a3e3c18b970c1b958722c1b8ad3ad81b.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1611399547444-OCQ145OI8IVCCBSBIT5R/Red+Cross+Nurses%2C+Base+Hospital%2C+Camp+Custer+-+1918.jpg Sample Military Service Report Camp Custer, Michigan, Red Cross Nurses, date unkown Source: “Red Cross Nurses, Base Hospital, Camp Custer,” The University of Michigan and the Great War, accessed January 22, 2021, http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/greatwar/items/show/327. https://www.wediggenealogy.com/sample-paternal-lineage-report daily 0.75 2021-05-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1612672971909-IXEENND1N9P7JDZ9YM7E/James+Gillies+Candidate+Comparison.png Sample Paternal Lineage Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1612675277961-QJK3DPJPFQS3X5CXM5X6/Gillies+Pedigree.png Sample Paternal Lineage Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1612285943284-TOR2C65RJ72ZOAOR95T5/Biographies+-+History+of+Dane+County+Wisconsin+1880.jpg Sample Paternal Lineage Report - Biographical Sketches of Andrew, George, and James Gillies Source: History of Dane County, Wisconsin. (1880) Chicago: Western Historical Company. page 1200. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6003f5284616fd2204d530d4/1612674367379-FH7S5PQY2MKKTZVHWLEO/Biographical+Sketch+of+James+Gillies.jpg Sample Paternal Lineage Report Biographical Sketch of James Gillies, Sr. (b. 1815, Auchtermuchty, Scotland) Source: Biographical review of Dane County Wisconsin: Containing biographical sketches of pioneers and leading citizens. 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